""" SocksiPy - Python SOCKS module. Version 1.5.1 Code from https://github.com/XX-net/XX-Net/blob/master/code/default/lib/noarch/socks.py Copyright 2006 Dan-Haim. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of Dan Haim nor the names of his contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAN HAIM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAN HAIM OR HIS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMANGE. This module provides a standard socket-like interface for Python for tunneling connections through SOCKS proxies. =============================================================================== Minor modifications made by Christopher Gilbert (http://motomastyle.com/) for use in PyLoris (http://pyloris.sourceforge.net/) Minor modifications made by Mario Vilas (http://breakingcode.wordpress.com/) mainly to merge bug fixes found in Sourceforge Modifications made by Anorov (https://github.com/Anorov) -Forked and renamed to PySocks -Fixed issue with HTTP proxy failure checking (same bug that was in the old ___recvall() method) -Included SocksiPyHandler (sockshandler.py), to be used as a urllib2 handler, courtesy of e000 (https://github.com/e000): https://gist.github.com/869791#file_socksipyhandler.py -Re-styled code to make it readable -Aliased PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 -> SOCKS5 etc. -Improved exception handling and output -Removed irritating use of sequence indexes, replaced with tuple unpacked variables -Fixed up Python 3 bytestring handling - chr(0x03).encode() -> b"\x03" -Other general fixes -Added clarification that the HTTP proxy connection method only supports CONNECT-style tunneling HTTP proxies -Various small bug fixes """ __version__ = "1.5.1" import os, sys from base64 import b64encode import socket import struct from errno import EOPNOTSUPP, EINVAL, EAGAIN from io import BytesIO, SEEK_CUR try: from collections import Callable except: from collections.abc import Callable from six import string_types current_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) python_path = os.path.abspath( os.path.join(current_path, os.pardir, os.pardir)) if sys.platform == "win32": win32_lib = os.path.abspath( os.path.join(python_path, 'lib', 'win32')) sys.path.append(win32_lib) import win_inet_pton inet_pton = win_inet_pton.inet_pton inet_ntop = win_inet_pton.inet_ntop else: inet_pton = socket.inet_pton inet_ntop = socket.inet_ntop from . import utils PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 = SOCKS4 = 1 PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 = SOCKS5 = 2 PROXY_TYPE_HTTP = HTTP = 3 PRINTABLE_PROXY_TYPES = {SOCKS4: "SOCKS4", SOCKS5: "SOCKS5", HTTP: "HTTP"} _orgsocket = _orig_socket = socket.socket class ProxyError(IOError): """ socket_err contains original socket.error exception. """ def __init__(self, msg, socket_err=None): self.msg = msg self.socket_err = socket_err if socket_err: self.msg += ": {0}".format(socket_err) def __str__(self): return self.msg def __repr__(self): # for %r return repr(self.msg) class GeneralProxyError(ProxyError): pass class ProxyConnectionError(ProxyError): pass class SOCKS5AuthError(ProxyError): pass class SOCKS5Error(ProxyError): pass class SOCKS4Error(ProxyError): pass class HTTPError(ProxyError): pass SOCKS4_ERRORS = { 0x5B: "Request rejected or failed", 0x5C: "Request rejected because SOCKS server cannot connect to identd on the client", 0x5D: "Request rejected because the client program and identd report different user-ids" } SOCKS5_ERRORS = { 0x01: "General SOCKS server failure", 0x02: "Connection not allowed by ruleset", 0x03: "Network unreachable", 0x04: "Host unreachable", 0x05: "Connection refused", 0x06: "TTL expired", 0x07: "Command not supported, or protocol error", 0x08: "Address type not supported" } DEFAULT_PORTS = { SOCKS4: 1080, SOCKS5: 1080, HTTP: 8080 } def set_default_proxy(proxy_type=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True, username=None, password=None): """ set_default_proxy(proxy_type, addr[, port[, rdns[, username, password]]]) Sets a default proxy which all further socksocket objects will use, unless explicitly changed. All parameters are as for socket.set_proxy(). """ proxy_type = utils.bytes2str_only(proxy_type) addr = utils.to_str(addr) if isinstance(port, bytes): port = int(utils.to_str(port)) else: port = int(port) username = utils.to_bytes(username) password = utils.to_bytes(password) if isinstance(proxy_type, str): proxy_type = proxy_type.lower() if "http" in proxy_type: proxy_type = PROXY_TYPE_HTTP elif "socks5" in proxy_type: proxy_type = PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 elif "socks4" in proxy_type: proxy_type = PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 else: raise ProxyError("unknown proxy type:%s" % proxy_type) socksocket.default_proxy = (proxy_type, addr, port, rdns, username if username else None, password if password else None) setdefaultproxy = set_default_proxy def get_default_proxy(): """ Returns the default proxy, set by set_default_proxy. """ return socksocket.default_proxy getdefaultproxy = get_default_proxy def wrap_module(module): """ Attempts to replace a module's socket library with a SOCKS socket. Must set a default proxy using set_default_proxy(...) first. This will only work on modules that import socket directly into the namespace; most of the Python Standard Library falls into this category. """ if socksocket.default_proxy: module.socket.socket = socksocket else: raise GeneralProxyError("No default proxy specified") wrapmodule = wrap_module def create_connection(dest_pair, proxy_type=None, proxy_addr=None, proxy_port=None, proxy_username=None, proxy_password=None, timeout=None): """create_connection(dest_pair, *[, timeout], **proxy_args) -> socket object Like socket.create_connection(), but connects to proxy before returning the socket object. dest_pair - 2-tuple of (IP/hostname, port). **proxy_args - Same args passed to socksocket.set_proxy(). timeout - Optional socket timeout value, in seconds. """ sock = socksocket() if isinstance(timeout, (int, float)): sock.settimeout(timeout) sock.set_proxy(proxy_type, proxy_addr, proxy_port, proxy_username, proxy_password) sock.connect(dest_pair) return sock class _BaseSocket(socket.socket): """Allows Python 2's "delegated" methods such as send() to be overridden """ def __init__(self, *pos, **kw): _orig_socket.__init__(self, *pos, **kw) self._savedmethods = dict() for name in self._savenames: self._savedmethods[name] = getattr(self, name) delattr(self, name) # Allows normal overriding mechanism to work _savenames = list() def _makemethod(name): return lambda self, *pos, **kw: self._savedmethods[name](*pos, **kw) for name in ("sendto", "send", "recvfrom", "recv"): method = getattr(_BaseSocket, name, None) # Determine if the method is not defined the usual way # as a function in the class. # Python 2 uses __slots__, so there are descriptors for each method, # but they are not functions. if not isinstance(method, Callable): _BaseSocket._savenames.append(name) setattr(_BaseSocket, name, _makemethod(name)) class socksocket(_BaseSocket): """socksocket([family[, type[, proto]]]) -> socket object Open a SOCKS enabled socket. The parameters are the same as those of the standard socket init. In order for SOCKS to work, you must specify family=AF_INET and proto=0. The "type" argument must be either SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM. """ default_proxy = None def __init__(self, family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, _sock=None): if type not in {socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.SOCK_DGRAM}: msg = "Socket type must be stream or datagram, not {!r}" raise ValueError(msg.format(type)) self._proxyconn = None # TCP connection to keep UDP relay alive self.resolve_dest = True if self.default_proxy: self.proxy = self.default_proxy proxy_host = self.proxy[1] if utils.check_ip_valid6(proxy_host): family=socket.AF_INET6 elif utils.check_ip_valid4(proxy_host): family=socket.AF_INET else: self.proxy = (None, None, None, None, None, None) _BaseSocket.__init__(self, family, type, proto, _sock) self.proxy_sockname = None self.proxy_peername = None def _readall(self, file, count): """ Receive EXACTLY the number of bytes requested from the file object. Blocks until the required number of bytes have been received. """ data = b"" while len(data) < count: d = file.read(count - len(data)) if not d: raise GeneralProxyError("Connection closed unexpectedly") data += d return data def set_proxy(self, proxy_type=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True, username=None, password=None): """set_proxy(proxy_type, addr[, port[, rdns[, username[, password]]]]) Sets the proxy to be used. proxy_type - The type of the proxy to be used. Three types are supported: PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 (including socks4a), PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 and PROXY_TYPE_HTTP addr - The address of the server (IP or DNS). port - The port of the server. Defaults to 1080 for SOCKS servers and 8080 for HTTP proxy servers. rdns - Should DNS queries be performed on the remote side (rather than the local side). The default is True. Note: This has no effect with SOCKS4 servers. username - Username to authenticate with to the server. The default is no authentication. password - Password to authenticate with to the server. Only relevant when username is also provided. """ proxy_type = utils.bytes2str_only(proxy_type) addr = utils.to_str(addr) if isinstance(port, bytes): port = int(utils.to_str(port)) else: port = int(port) username = utils.to_bytes(username) password = utils.to_bytes(password) if isinstance(proxy_type, string_types): proxy_type = proxy_type.lower() if "http" in proxy_type: proxy_type = PROXY_TYPE_HTTP self.resolve_dest = False elif "socks5" in proxy_type: if proxy_type == "socks5h": self.resolve_dest = False rdns = True proxy_type = PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 elif "socks4" in proxy_type: proxy_type = PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 else: raise ProxyError("unknown proxy type:%s" % proxy_type) self.proxy = (proxy_type, addr, port, rdns, username if username else None, password if password else None) setproxy = set_proxy def bind(self, *pos, **kw): """ Implements proxy connection for UDP sockets, which happens during the bind() phase. """ proxy_type, proxy_addr, proxy_port, rdns, username, password = self.proxy if not proxy_type or self.type != socket.SOCK_DGRAM: return _orig_socket.bind(self, *pos, **kw) if self._proxyconn: raise socket.error(EINVAL, "Socket already bound to an address") if proxy_type != SOCKS5: msg = "UDP only supported by SOCKS5 proxy type" raise socket.error(EOPNOTSUPP, msg) _BaseSocket.bind(self, *pos, **kw) # Need to specify actual local port because # some relays drop packets if a port of zero is specified. # Avoid specifying host address in case of NAT though. _, port = self.getsockname() dst = ("0", port) self._proxyconn = _orig_socket() proxy = self._proxy_addr() self._proxyconn.connect(proxy) UDP_ASSOCIATE = b"\x03" _, relay = self._SOCKS5_request(self._proxyconn, UDP_ASSOCIATE, dst) # The relay is most likely on the same host as the SOCKS proxy, # but some proxies return a private IP address (10.x.y.z) host, _ = proxy _, port = relay _BaseSocket.connect(self, (host, port)) self.proxy_sockname = ("0.0.0.0", 0) # Unknown def sendto(self, bytes, *args, **kwargs): if self.type != socket.SOCK_DGRAM: return _BaseSocket.sendto(self, bytes, *args, **kwargs) if not self._proxyconn: self.bind(("", 0)) address = args[-1] flags = args[:-1] header = BytesIO() RSV = b"\x00\x00" header.write(RSV) STANDALONE = b"\x00" header.write(STANDALONE) self._write_SOCKS5_address(address, header) sent = _BaseSocket.send(self, header.getvalue() + bytes, *flags, **kwargs) return sent - header.tell() def send(self, bytes, flags=0, **kwargs): if self.type == socket.SOCK_DGRAM: return self.sendto(bytes, flags, self.proxy_peername, **kwargs) else: return _BaseSocket.send(self, bytes, flags, **kwargs) def recvfrom(self, bufsize, flags=0): if self.type != socket.SOCK_DGRAM: return _BaseSocket.recvfrom(self, bufsize, flags) if not self._proxyconn: self.bind(("", 0)) buf = BytesIO(_BaseSocket.recv(self, bufsize, flags)) buf.seek(+2, SEEK_CUR) frag = buf.read(1) if ord(frag): raise NotImplementedError("Received UDP packet fragment") fromhost, fromport = self._read_SOCKS5_address(buf) if self.proxy_peername: peerhost, peerport = self.proxy_peername if fromhost != peerhost or peerport not in (0, fromport): raise socket.error(EAGAIN, "Packet filtered") return (buf.read(), (fromhost, fromport)) def recv(self, *pos, **kw): bytes, _ = self.recvfrom(*pos, **kw) return bytes def close(self): if self._proxyconn: self._proxyconn.close() return _BaseSocket.close(self) def get_proxy_sockname(self): """ Returns the bound IP address and port number at the proxy. """ return self.proxy_sockname getproxysockname = get_proxy_sockname def get_proxy_peername(self): """ Returns the IP and port number of the proxy. """ return _BaseSocket.getpeername(self) getproxypeername = get_proxy_peername def get_peername(self): """ Returns the IP address and port number of the destination machine (note: get_proxy_peername returns the proxy) """ return self.proxy_peername getpeername = get_peername def _negotiate_SOCKS5(self, *dest_addr): """ Negotiates a stream connection through a SOCKS5 server. """ CONNECT = b"\x01" self.proxy_peername, self.proxy_sockname = self._SOCKS5_request(self, CONNECT, dest_addr) def _SOCKS5_request(self, conn, cmd, dst): """ Send SOCKS5 request with given command (CMD field) and address (DST field). Returns resolved DST address that was used. """ proxy_type, addr, port, rdns, username, password = self.proxy writer = conn.makefile("wb") reader = conn.makefile("rb", 0) # buffering=0 renamed in Python 3 try: # First we'll send the authentication packages we support. if username and password: # The username/password details were supplied to the # set_proxy method so we support the USERNAME/PASSWORD # authentication (in addition to the standard none). writer.write(b"\x05\x02\x00\x02") else: # No username/password were entered, therefore we # only support connections with no authentication. writer.write(b"\x05\x01\x00") # We'll receive the server's response to determine which # method was selected writer.flush() chosen_auth = self._readall(reader, 2) if chosen_auth[0:1] != b"\x05": # Note: string[i:i+1] is used because indexing of a bytestring # via bytestring[i] yields an integer in Python 3 raise GeneralProxyError("SOCKS5 proxy server sent invalid data") # Check the chosen authentication method if chosen_auth[1:2] == b"\x02": # Okay, we need to perform a basic username/password # authentication. writer.write(b"\x01" + chr(len(username)).encode() + username + chr(len(password)).encode() + password) writer.flush() auth_status = self._readall(reader, 2) if auth_status[0:1] != b"\x01": # Bad response raise GeneralProxyError("SOCKS5 proxy server sent invalid data") if auth_status[1:2] != b"\x00": # Authentication failed raise SOCKS5AuthError("SOCKS5 authentication failed") # Otherwise, authentication succeeded # No authentication is required if 0x00 elif chosen_auth[1:2] != b"\x00": # Reaching here is always bad if chosen_auth[1:2] == b"\xFF": raise SOCKS5AuthError("All offered SOCKS5 authentication methods were rejected") else: raise GeneralProxyError("SOCKS5 proxy server sent invalid data") # Now we can request the actual connection writer.write(b"\x05" + cmd + b"\x00") resolved = self._write_SOCKS5_address(dst, writer) writer.flush() # Get the response resp = self._readall(reader, 3) if resp[0:1] != b"\x05": raise GeneralProxyError("SOCKS5 proxy server sent invalid data") status = ord(resp[1:2]) if status != 0x00: # Connection failed: server returned an error error = SOCKS5_ERRORS.get(status, "Unknown error") raise SOCKS5Error("{0:#04x}: {1}".format(status, error)) # Get the bound address/port bnd = self._read_SOCKS5_address(reader) return (resolved, bnd) finally: reader.close() writer.close() def _write_SOCKS5_address(self, addr, file): """ Return the host and port packed for the SOCKS5 protocol, and the resolved address as a tuple object. """ host, port = addr host = utils.to_str(host) proxy_type, _, _, rdns, username, password = self.proxy if utils.check_ip_valid6(host): addr_bytes = inet_pton(socket.AF_INET6, host) file.write(b"\x04" + addr_bytes) elif utils.check_ip_valid4(host): addr_bytes = socket.inet_aton(host) file.write(b"\x01" + addr_bytes) else: if rdns: # Resolve remotely host_bytes = host.encode("utf-8") file.write(b"\x03" + chr(len(host_bytes)).encode() + host_bytes) else: # Resolve locally addr_bytes = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(host)) file.write(b"\x01" + addr_bytes) host = socket.inet_ntoa(addr_bytes) file.write(struct.pack(">H", port)) return host, port def _read_SOCKS5_address(self, file): atyp = self._readall(file, 1) if atyp == b"\x01": addr = socket.inet_ntoa(self._readall(file, 4)) elif atyp == b"\x03": length = self._readall(file, 1) addr = self._readall(file, ord(length)) elif atyp == b"\x04": addr = inet_ntop(socket.AF_INET6, self._readall(file, 16)) else: raise GeneralProxyError("SOCKS5 proxy server sent invalid data") port = struct.unpack(">H", self._readall(file, 2))[0] return addr, port def _negotiate_SOCKS4(self, dest_addr, dest_port): """ Negotiates a connection through a SOCKS4 server. """ proxy_type, addr, port, rdns, username, password = self.proxy dest_addr = utils.to_str(dest_addr) writer = self.makefile("wb") reader = self.makefile("rb", 0) # buffering=0 renamed in Python 3 try: # Check if the destination address provided is an IP address remote_resolve = False try: addr_bytes = socket.inet_aton(dest_addr) except socket.error as e: # It's a DNS name. Check where it should be resolved. if rdns: addr_bytes = b"\x00\x00\x00\x01" remote_resolve = True else: addr_bytes = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(dest_addr)) # Construct the request packet writer.write(struct.pack(">BBH", 0x04, 0x01, dest_port)) writer.write(addr_bytes) # The username parameter is considered userid for SOCKS4 if username: writer.write(username) writer.write(b"\x00") # DNS name if remote resolving is required # NOTE: This is actually an extension to the SOCKS4 protocol # called SOCKS4A and may not be supported in all cases. if remote_resolve: writer.write(dest_addr.encode('utf-8') + b"\x00") writer.flush() # Get the response from the server resp = self._readall(reader, 8) if resp[0:1] != b"\x00": # Bad data raise GeneralProxyError("SOCKS4 proxy server sent invalid data") status = ord(resp[1:2]) if status != 0x5A: # Connection failed: server returned an error error = SOCKS4_ERRORS.get(status, "Unknown error") raise SOCKS4Error("{0:#04x}: {1}".format(status, error)) # Get the bound address/port self.proxy_sockname = (socket.inet_ntoa(resp[4:]), struct.unpack(">H", resp[2:4])[0]) if remote_resolve: self.proxy_peername = socket.inet_ntoa(addr_bytes), dest_port else: self.proxy_peername = dest_addr, dest_port finally: reader.close() writer.close() def _negotiate_HTTP(self, dest_host, dest_port): """ Negotiates a connection through an HTTP server. NOTE: This currently only supports HTTP CONNECT-style proxies. """ proxy_type, proxy_addr, port, rdns, username, password = self.proxy # If we need to resolve locally, we do this now dest_host = utils.to_bytes(dest_host) if b":" not in dest_host and not rdns: dest_addr = socket.gethostbyname(dest_host) dest_addr = utils.to_bytes(dest_addr) else: dest_addr = dest_host http_headers = [ (b"CONNECT " + utils.to_bytes(dest_addr) + b":" + str(dest_port).encode() + b" HTTP/1.1"), b"Host: " + dest_addr ] if username and password: http_headers.append(b"Proxy-Authorization: basic " + b64encode(username + b":" + password)) http_headers.append(b"\r\n") self.sendall(b"\r\n".join(http_headers)) # We just need the first line to check if the connection was successful fobj = self.makefile("rb") status_line = fobj.readline() fobj.close() if not status_line: raise GeneralProxyError("Connection closed unexpectedly") try: proto, status_code, status_msg = status_line.split(b" ", 2) except ValueError: raise GeneralProxyError("HTTP proxy server sent invalid response") if not proto.startswith(b"HTTP/"): raise GeneralProxyError("Proxy server does not appear to be an HTTP proxy") try: status_code = int(status_code) except ValueError: raise HTTPError("HTTP proxy server did not return a valid HTTP status") if status_code != 200: error = "{0}: {1}".format(status_code, status_msg) if status_code in (400, 403, 405): # It's likely that the HTTP proxy server does not support the CONNECT tunneling method error += ("\n[*] Note: The HTTP proxy server may not be supported by PySocks" " (must be a CONNECT tunnel proxy)") raise HTTPError(error) self.proxy_sockname = (b"0.0.0.0", 0) self.proxy_peername = dest_addr, dest_port _proxy_negotiators = { SOCKS4: _negotiate_SOCKS4, SOCKS5: _negotiate_SOCKS5, HTTP: _negotiate_HTTP } def connect(self, dest_pair): """ Connects to the specified destination through a proxy. Uses the same API as socket's connect(). To select the proxy server, use set_proxy(). dest_pair """ if len(dest_pair) == 2: # IPv4 dest_addr, dest_port = dest_pair elif len(dest_pair) == 4: # IPv6 dest_addr, dest_port, st_zero, st_stream = dest_pair else: raise GeneralProxyError("Invalid destination-connection (host, port) pair") if self.type == socket.SOCK_DGRAM: if not self._proxyconn: self.bind(("", 0)) if self.resolve_dest: dest_addr = socket.gethostbyname(dest_addr) # If the host address is INADDR_ANY or similar, reset the peer # address so that packets are received from any peer if dest_addr == "0.0.0.0" and not dest_port: self.proxy_peername = None else: self.proxy_peername = (dest_addr, dest_port) return proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, rdns, username, password = self.proxy proxy_host = utils.to_bytes(proxy_host) # Do a minimal input check first if not dest_addr or not isinstance(dest_port, int): raise GeneralProxyError("Invalid destination-connection (host, port) pair") if proxy_type is None: # Treat like regular socket object _BaseSocket.connect(self, (dest_addr, dest_port)) return proxy_port = proxy_port or DEFAULT_PORTS.get(proxy_type) if not proxy_port: raise GeneralProxyError("Invalid proxy port") try: # Initial connection to proxy server proxy_ip = socket.gethostbyname(proxy_host) _BaseSocket.connect(self, (proxy_ip, proxy_port)) except socket.error as error: # Error while connecting to proxy self.close() proxy_server = "{0}:{1}".format(proxy_host, proxy_port) printable_type = PRINTABLE_PROXY_TYPES[proxy_type] msg = "Error connecting to {0} proxy {1}".format(printable_type, proxy_server) raise ProxyConnectionError(msg, error) else: # Connected to proxy server, now negotiate try: # Calls negotiate_{SOCKS4, SOCKS5, HTTP} negotiate = self._proxy_negotiators[proxy_type] negotiate(self, dest_addr, dest_port) except socket.error as error: # Wrap socket errors self.close() raise GeneralProxyError("Socket error", error) except ProxyError: # Protocol error while negotiating with proxy self.close() raise if __name__ == "__main__": name = "abc" name2 = name.encode('idna') print(name2)